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While Black and Hispanic families are enthusiastic about research participation, other provider- and systems-focused factors may influence their involvement in pediatric oncology clinical trials, a UT Southwestern Medical Center-led study has found, shedding new light on pediatric cancer trial participation barriers that have historically limited enrollment diversity.
What This Pediatric Cancer Trial Participation Barriers Study Examined
The findings, published in JAMA Network Open, focused on parent and clinician perspectives, revealing opportunities to increase clinical trial participation for historically marginalized patients to help improve outcomes and make trial results more generalizable. “This is one of the first studies to center on the perspectives of Black and Hispanic families regarding research participation,” said Puja Umaretiya, MD, MS, the study’s lead author and assistant professor of pediatrics at UT Southwestern.
The Study’s Central Finding
“Our findings highlight that historically marginalized parents are very willing to participate in clinical trials, if offered. Efforts to reduce clinician gatekeeping, where doctors decide not to offer clinical trials based on assumptions, and address material hardship are needed to improve equitable participation,” Umaretiya said.
Why Pediatric Cancer Trial Participation Barriers Research Matters Now
While survival rates for children with cancer have drastically improved from 10% to 85% over the past 75 years, research suggests disparities persist, with Black and Hispanic children continuing to have lower survival rates than white children. Efforts to address these gaps include increasing participation in clinical trials, which provide access to new therapies and help ensure findings apply broadly across patient populations.
A Documented National Enrollment Gap
A 2024 study by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that sampled National Institutes of Health-funded clinical trials found that most of them missed enrollment targets for underrepresented groups, underscoring the broader national scope of the disparities this study set out to examine at the family and clinician level.
How Researchers Studied These Pediatric Cancer Trial Participation Barriers
Despite the importance of clinical trial participation, there is limited data on the perspectives of Black and Hispanic families related to involvement. To better understand these views, researchers surveyed 60 parents of Black and Hispanic children with cancer and 15 clinicians from Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. About 73% of participating families reported experiencing household material hardship, which includes insecurity with food, housing, transportation, or utilities.
Combining Survey and Interview Data
Using surveys from all participants and interviews with a subset of 20 participating parents and the 15 clinicians, researchers identified factors that facilitated clinical trial participation as well as those that acted as barriers.
What Facilitates and Hinders These Pediatric Cancer Trial Participation Barriers
Two key factors that both parents and clinicians identified as facilitators of participation were altruism and trustworthiness. Notably, a majority of parents reported very high levels of trust in their oncology team. When it came to barriers for participation, parents and clinicians cited the informed consent discussion required for trial participation and difficult-to-understand trial materials. They noted these factors were particularly challenging for families who did not speak English.
A Discrepancy Between Parent and Clinician Perceptions
While clinicians perceived issues related to household material hardship and the experimental nature of clinical trials as barriers for families to participate, parents did not identify these as drivers in their decision-making, highlighting a discrepancy between parent-clinician perceptions. Clinicians also identified gatekeeping as it relates to the willingness to engage families and the adherence to trial requirements related to financial hardship as potential barriers.
What This Pediatric Cancer Trial Participation Barriers Research Means Going Forward
“Equitable clinical trial participation is important because it ensures that our research is generalizable, identifies mechanisms that may drive worse outcomes for certain populations, and improves the trustworthiness of the medical system. There is more we can do to support participation of marginalized families, such as ensuring that we are offering trials to all families and supporting them with resources needed to successfully participate,” Umaretiya said. Given the study’s finding that clinician gatekeeping, rather than family reluctance, represents a primary barrier, oncology programs may find more direct progress in addressing provider-level assumptions and offering practices than in assuming families themselves need to be persuaded to participate.
What to Watch Going Forward
As this research draws attention to the gap between clinician assumptions and actual parent willingness, pediatric oncology programs may want to examine their own trial-offering practices and materials, particularly for non-English-speaking families, to reduce the informed consent and language barriers this study identified. Given that the study was supported by Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and the National Institutes of Health, its findings on pediatric cancer trial participation barriers may inform broader institutional efforts to close persistent enrollment gaps for historically marginalized pediatric cancer patients nationwide.
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